Category: 70735-79-4

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Stable Isotope-Assisted Plant Metabolomics: Investigation of Phenylalanine-Related Metabolic Response in Wheat Upon Treatment With the Fusarium Virulence Factor Deoxynivalenol

The major Fusarium mycotoxin deoxynivalenol (DON) is a virulence factor in wheat and has also been shown to induce defense responses in host plant tissue. In this study, global and tracer labeling with 13C were combined to annotate the overall metabolome of wheat spikes and to evaluate the response of phenylalanine-related pathways upon treatment with DON. At anthesis, spikes of resistant and susceptible cultivars as well as two related near isogenic wheat lines (NILs) differing in the presence/absence of the major resistance QTL Fhb1 were treated with 1 mg DON or water (control), and samples were collected at 0, 12, 24, 48, and 96 h after treatment (hat). A total of 172 Phe-derived wheat constituents were detected with our untargeted approach employing 13C-labeled phenylalanine and subsequently annotated as flavonoids, lignans, coumarins, benzoic acid derivatives, hydroxycinnamic acid amides (HCAAs), as well as peptides. Ninety-six hours after the DON treatment, up to 30% of the metabolites biosynthesized from Phe showed significantly increased levels compared to the control samples. Major metabolic changes included the formation of precursors of compounds implicated in cell wall reinforcement and presumed antifungal compounds. In addition, also dipeptides, which presumably are products of proteolytic degradation of truncated proteins generated in the presence of the toxin, were significantly more abundant upon DON treatment. An in-depth comparison of the two NILs with correlation clustering of time course profiles revealed some 70 DON-responsive Phe derivatives. While several flavonoids had constitutively different abundance levels between the two NILs differing in resistance, other Phe-derived metabolites such as HCAAs and hydroxycinnamoyl quinates were affected differently in the two NILs after treatment with DON. Our results suggest a strong activation of the general phenylpropanoid pathway and that coumaroyl-CoA is mainly diverted towards HCAAs in the presence of Fhb1, whereas the metabolic route to monolignol(-conjugates), lignans, and lignin seems to be favored in the absence of the Fhb1 resistance quantitative trait loci.

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Benzoxazole – Wikipedia,
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Biodeterioration of therapeutically important phytoconstituents and nutrients of stored triphala powder by associated fungal species

The study was aimed to investigate the associated mycobiota and their effect on the quality of Triphala powder. Results showed the presence of various fungal species in commercially available Triphala powder with varying degree of CFU (colony forming unit) and frequency of occurrence. Aspergillus was recorded as the most dominant genus with five species. A large variation in quantity of phytoconstituents was observed among commercially available Triphala powder samples. Artificially infested samples showed the variation in the level of therapeutically important phytoconstituents after different storage periods. The study proved the role of fungal species in depletion of phytoconstiuents during storage although the capability to degrade the phytoconstituents varied from species to species.

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Benzoxazole – Wikipedia,
Benzoxazole | C7H5NO – PubChem

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2,4-Dihydroxy-7-methoxy-2H-1,4-benzoxazin-3(4H)-one (DIMBOA) inhibits trichothecene production by Fusarium graminearum through suppression of Tri6 expression

Fusarium head blight (FHB) is a devastating disease of wheat (. Triticum aestivum L.) caused by a mycotoxigenic fungus Fusarium graminearum resulting in significantly decreased yields and accumulation of toxic trichothecenes in grains. We tested 7 major secondary metabolites from wheat for their effect on trichothecene production in liquid cultures of F. graminearum producing trichothecene 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol (15-ADON). 2,4-Dihydroxy-7-methoxy-2. H-1,4-benzoxazin-3(4. H)-one (DIMBOA) benzoxazinoid completely abolished toxin production without any apparent effect on fungal growth. DIMBOA strongly affected the expression of Tri6, encoding a major transcriptional regulator of several genes of the trichothecene biosynthesis pathway. DIMBOA also repressed expression of Tri5, encoding trichodiene synthase, the first enzyme in the trichothecene biosynthesis pathway. Thus, DIMBOA could play an important role against the accumulation of trichothecenes in wheat grain. Breeding or engineering of wheat with increased levels of benzoxazinoids could provide varieties with increased resistance against trichothecene contamination of grain and lower susceptibility to FHB.

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Benzoxazole – Wikipedia,
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Antioxidant secondary metabolites in cereals: Potential involvement in resistance to Fusarium and mycotoxin accumulation

Gibberella and Fusarium Ear Rot and Fusarium Head Blight are major diseases affecting European cereals. These diseases are mainly caused by fungi of the Fusarium genus, primarily Fusarium graminearum and Fusarium verticillioides. These Fusarium species pose a serious threat to food safety because of their ability to produce a wide range of mycotoxins, including type B trichothecenes and fumonisins. Many factors such as environmental, agronomic or genetic ones may contribute to high levels of accumulation of mycotoxins in the grain and there is an urgent need to implement efficient and sustainable management strategies to reduce mycotoxin contamination. Actually, fungicides are not fully efficient to control the mycotoxin risk. In addition, because of harmful effects on human health and environment, their use should be seriously restricted in the near future. To durably solve the problem of mycotoxin accumulation, the breeding of tolerant genotypes is one of the most promising strategies for cereals. A deeper understanding of the molecular mechanisms of plant resistance to both Fusarium and mycotoxin contamination will shed light on plant-pathogen interactions and provide relevant information for improving breeding programs. Resistance to Fusarium depends on the plant ability in preventing initial infection and containing the development of the toxigenic fungi while resistance to mycotoxin contamination is also related to the capacity of plant tissues in reducing mycotoxin accumulation. This capacity can result from two mechanisms: metabolic transformation of the toxin into less toxic compounds and inhibition of toxin biosynthesis. This last mechanism involves host metabolites able to interfere with mycotoxin biosynthesis. This review aims at gathering the latest scientific advances that support the contribution of grain antioxidant secondary metabolites to the mechanisms of plant resistance to Fusarium and mycotoxin accumulation.

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Benzoxazole – Wikipedia,
Benzoxazole | C7H5NO – PubChem

Application of 70735-79-4, Chemistry is the science of change. But why do chemical reactions take place? Why do chemicals react with each other? The answer is in thermodynamics and kinetics.In a document type is Patent, and a compound is mentioned, 70735-79-4, 4-Acetylbenzo[d]oxazol-2(3H)-one, introducing its new discovery.

8-[3-Amino-piperidin-1-yl]-xanthines, their preparation and their use as pharmaceutical composition

The present invention relates to substituted xanthines of general formula wherein R1 and R2 are defined as in the claims, the tautomers, the stereoisomers, the mixtures thereof, and the salts thereof, which have valuable pharmacological properties, particularly an inhibiting effect on the activity of the enzyme dipeptidylpeptidase-IV (DPP-IV).

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Benzoxazole – Wikipedia,
Benzoxazole | C7H5NO – PubChem

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Biomimetic Synthesis of 4-Acetylbenzoxazolin-2(3H)-one Isolated from Zea mays

4-Acctylbenzoxazolin-2(3H)-one has been prepared biomimetically during attempts to synthesize the hemiacetalic hydroxamic acid 5-acetyl-2,4-dihydroxy-2H-1,4-benzoxazin-3(4H)-one by the immediate degradation of this unstable compound generated as an intermediate. Thus, 4-acetylbenzoxazolin-2(3H)one recently isolated from Zea mays kernels, and similar to other benzoxazolin-2(3H)-ones known from plant sources, is assumed to have originated from the degradation of natural 5-acetyl-2,4-dihydroxy-2H-1,4-benzoxazin-3(4H)-one which in turn could have been enzymatically released by a beta-glucosidase from the corresponding 2-beta-D-glucoside.

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Benzoxazole – Wikipedia,
Benzoxazole | C7H5NO – PubChem

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Molecular and genetic aspects of wheat head resistance to Fusarium graminearum infection

Plant pathogenic fungus Fusarium graminearum (teleomorph Gibberella zeae) is the most widespread causative agent of wheat head infections and following contamination of grain with toxic metabolites such as 4-deoxynivalenol (DON). Development of resistant wheat varieties is important aim for plant breeding. Complex nature of plant resistance to Fusarium head blight (FHB) complicates solution of the problem and forces to look for new approaches based on understanding of molecular and genetic mechanisms of resistance. Literature data about defense wheat responses and genes activated in the process of penetration and following wheat head colonization with Fusarium graminearum are summarized in the review. Particular attention is attracted to DON as one of the virulence factors of this fungus and also to plant mechanisms which can affect the accumulation level of DON in grain. Crucial multigenic loci conferred the resistance to FHB are considered.

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Benzoxazole – Wikipedia,
Benzoxazole | C7H5NO – PubChem

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8-[3-AMINO-PIPERIDIN-1-YL]-XANTHINES, THE PRODUCTION THEREOF, AND THE USE OF THE SAME AS MEDICAMENTS

The invention relates to substituted xanthines of general formula (I) wherein R1 and R2 have the designations cited in patent claims 1 to 3. The invention also relates to the tautomers, stereoisomers, mixtures and salts of said xanthines, exhibiting valuable pharmacological properties, especially an inhibiting effect on the activity of the enzyme dipeptidylpeptidase-IV (DPP-IV).

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Benzoxazole – Wikipedia,
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Inhibition of aflatoxin B1 production by verbascoside and other olive polyphenols

In this study, the effects of pure olive phenolic compounds and olive mill wastewater (OMWW) (after membrane filtration treatments) on Aspergillus flavus growth and aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) production, were investigated. Five OMWWs coming from Greek (Lianolia, Koroneiki and Asprolia) and Italian (Cellina di Nardo and Coratina) olive oil cultivars, opportunely filtered using a membrane system, were added at two concentrations (5 and 15%) to growth medium, in order to evaluate their effect on A. flavus growth and AFB1 production. The OMWW fractions treatment, after 6 days of incubation, did not inhibit the fungal growth rate, but at 15% concentration significantly reduced the AFB1 production (ranging from 88 to 100%). A similar approach was used for caffeic acid, hydroxytyrosol, tyrosol and verbascoside, the major pure phenolic compounds identified in OMWW fractions. They were evaluated at increasing doses (10, 50 and 100 mug/ml) following both AFB1 production and fungal growth. At the highest concentration (100 mug/ml) all pure compounds showed a reduction of about 99% of AFB1 production without any influence on fungal growth. This is the first time in which OMWWs and their main phenolics were used in the treatments against AFB1 production. The results obtained could provide possible new strategies for preventing AFB1 food contamination using olive polyphenols and OMWW fractions with anti-aflatoxigenic effect, and permitting to harness in a sustainable way an olive oil by-product.

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Benzoxazole – Wikipedia,
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Inhibition of aflatoxin B1 biosynthesis in Aspergillus flavus by anthocyanidins and related flavonoids

Anthocyanidins and precursors or related flavonoids were tested at concentrations from 0.3 to 9.7 mM (~0.1-3.0 mg/mL) for activity against growth and aflatoxin B1 biosynthesis by Aspergillus flavus Link:Fr. NRRL 3357. Aflatoxin B1 production was inhibited by all anthocyanidins tested, and 3-hydroxy compounds were more active than 3-deoxy forms. Monoglycosides of cyanidin were 40% less inhibitory than the aglycon, whereas a monoglucoside and a diglucoside of pelargonidin were 80 and 5%, respectively, as active as the aglycon. Of eight flavonoids tested, only kaempferol was moderately active, whereas luteolin and catechin were weakly inhibitory. Binary combinations of delphinidin and three other aflatoxin inhibitors acted independently of each other. Results with an aflatoxin pathway mutant indicated that anthocyanidin inhibition occurred before norsolorinic acid synthesis.

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